Ubah Gaya Hidup Elak Kanser

Kira-kira satu pertiga daripada semua jenis kanser sebenarnya boleh dicegah setiap tahun jika orang ramai mengamalkan corak pemakanan yang sihat, tidak mengambil minuman beralkohol dan lebih banyak bersenam.

Pakar Kesihatan dari Institut Penyelidikan kanser Amerika Syarikat (AICR) dan Dana Penyelidikan Kanser Dunia (WCRF) percaya bahawa membuat sedikit perubahan mudah bagi gaya hidup seharian boleh mencegah kira-kira 40 peratus kanser payu dara di Britain dan Amerika Syarikat.

Begitu juga bagi beribu-ribu kes kanser usus, perut dan prostat.

"Sungguh menyedihkan apabila melihat tahun 2011 masih ramai orang yang mati akibat kanser yang sepatutnya boleh dicegah melalui diet, mengekalkan berat badan yang sihat, aktiviti fizikal dan faktor-faktor gaya hidup yang lain," kata MArtin Wiseman, Penasihat Perubatan dan Saintifik WCRF.

Menurut Wiseman, di China saja sebanyak 620,000 kes kanser atau 27 peratus boleh dicegah, manakala di AS sebanyak 35peratus atau 340,000 kes dan di Britain sebanyak 37 peratus.

Gaya hidup yang sihat juga dapat mencegah 61,000 kes kanser di Brazil dan 79,000 kes di Britain.

Penemuan WCRF tersebut disokong oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) yang turut menyarankan bahawa kerap berenam boleh menghalang banyak penyakit seperti kanser, sakit jantung dan diabetes.

Kanser merupakan punca kematian utama di seluruh dunia dan insidennya terus meningkat.

Setiap tahun kira-kira 12.7 juta orang didapati menghidap kanser dan 7.6 juta orang mati disebabkan penyakit yang berbentuk kanser. Terdapat kira-kira 200 jenis kanser yang diketahui.

Mengikut Agensi Antarabangsa bagi Penyelidikan Kanser Antarabangsa (IARC), kanser akan membunuh lebih daripada 13.2 juta orang setahun menjelang tahun 2030, iaitu hampir dua kali ganda daripada jumlah yang mati pada 2008 dan majoriti kematian adalah di negara-negara yang lebih miskin.

Sementara itu dalam kenyataan berasingan, WHO yang beribu pejabat di Geneva menyebut, kadar aktiviti fizikal yang rendah menjadi punca utama kepada anggaran 21 hingga 25 peratus kes kanser payu dara dan usus, 27 peratus bagi kes diabetes dan 30 peratus kes penyakit jantung di seluruh dunia.

Timbalan Ketua Bahagian Sains WCRF, Rachel Thompson, berkata walaupun mesejnya mudah - iaitu jangan merokok, makan makanan yang baik dan mengekalkan berat badan yang sihat boleh membantu mengelak kebanyakan jenis kanser - namun ia sukar untuk difahami oleh orang ramai.

"Kita sudah cuba sebaik mungkin untuk sampaikan mesej tentang ini yang anda perlu makan dan jumlah ini yang sepatutnya anda lakukan senaman, tetapi masih sukar untuk difahami".

WHO turut menyebut bahawa individu dewasa sepatutnya melakukan senaman sederhana sekurang-kurangnya 150minit seminggu.

Ini boleh dilakukan hanya dengan berjalan kaki selama 30minit lima kali seminggu atau berbasikal ke tempat kerja setiap hari.

Dalam pada itu Ketua Yayasan Paru-Paru Sedunia, Peter Baldini juga menyeru semua kerajaan di seluruh dunia memperkenalkan undang-undang bebas rokok dan menaikkan harga rokok.

Ini kerana rokok telah membunuh berjuta-juta perokok setiap tahun dan kanser paru-paru berkaitan dengan tabiat merokok juga telah membunuh beribu-ribu orang yang tidak merokok tetapi terdedah kepada asap rokok.

Memang tidak ada peluru ajaib yang dapat menyembuhkan semua bentuk kanser, tetapi kita ada peluang dan obligasi untuk melindungi diri dan orang tersayang daripada apa juga bentuk kanser dalam apa juga cara," kata Baldini.

Sumber daripada UTUSAN MALAYSIA - 8 Februari 2011 (MegaMode)

Gastric Cancer

Causes

Several different types of cancer can occur in the stomach. The most common type is called adenocarcinoma, which refers to the way the cancer looks under the microscope. There are several types of adenocarcinoma. Because other types of gastric cancer occur much less frequently, this article focuses on adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is a common cancer of the digestive tract worldwide, although it is relatively uncommon in the US. It occurs most frequently in men over 40 years old. The incidence of this form of gastric cancer is extremely high in Japan, Chile, and Iceland. The incidence of most types of gastric adenocarcinoma in the US has declined over the years. Experts think the decrease may be related to reduced intake of salted, cured, and smoked foods.

However, the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the high part of the stomach where it connects with the esophagus has increased markedly, along with an increase in cancers of the lower esophagus. The reason for this increase is unknown.

Diagnosis is often delayed by the absence of symptoms in early disease or by self-treatment of symptoms that may be common to other, less serious gastrointestinal disorders (bloating, gas, and a sense of fullness).

Risk factors for gastric cancer are a family history of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection, blood type A, a history of pernicious anemia, a history of chronic atrophic gastritis, a condition of decreased gastric acid, and a prior history of adenomatous gastric polyp.

Prevention Cancer

One of the best ways to prevent cancer is to not smoke or chew tobacco. Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors such as excessive exposure to sunlight and heavy drinking.

Cancer screenings, such as mammography and breast examination for breast cancer and colonoscopy for colon cancer, may help catch these cancers at their early, most treatable stages. Some people at high risk for developing certain cancers can take medication to reduce their risk.

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Reversing The Cancer Epidemic

5 Jenayah Kolar Putih / White Collar Crime

There is an overwhelming disparity between the full force of criminal law and punishment directed at perpetrators of theft, property damage, or personal violence and the lenient civil proceedings against managers and executives of industries and their consultants who knowingly manipulate, occupational and consumer hazards of their products and processes. White collar crime legislation is needed to correct this imbalance.

In the absence of such legislative disincentives, white collar crime in the areas of environment and health safety has continued unabated and extended into global markets.

Kanser Paru-Paru

Kanser paru-paru merupakan kanser yang paling tinggi kejadiannya dan penyebab utama kematian akibat kanser di Malaysia. 95% daripada pesakit kanser paru-paru meninggal dunia dalam tempoh 5 tahun selepas diagnosa dilakukan. 90% kanser paru-paru disebabkan oleh amalan menghisap rokok. Kejadian kanser paru-paru juga tinggi di kalangan orang yang tidak merokok tetapi terdedah kepada asap rokok (perokok pasif).

APAKAH KANSER PARU-PARU?

Kanser paru-paru merupakan pertumbuhan sel-sel abnormal di dalam paru-paru yang tidak boleh dikawal. Sel-sel ini tidak dapat mengawal pembiakannya secara teratur dan menghasilkan satu ketumbuhan yang disebut tumor. Jika tumor ini tidak merebak ke bahagian badan yang lain, ia disebut tumor benigna (bukan kanser). Sebaliknya, jika tumor tersebut merebak ke tisu-tisu dan organ yang berhampiran atau merebak melalui saluran darah atau limfa ia adalah tumor malignan (kanser). Apabila sel kanser ini merebak melalui saluran limfa, ia boleh menyebabkan kelenjar limfa membengkak. Apabila ia menyusur melalui saluran darah, ia boleh merebak ke organ lain khususnya hati, tulang, otak atau paru-paru yang sebelah lagi.

Membalikkan Wabak Kanser / Reversing The Cancer Epidemic

4 Jawatankuasa Pakar Dan Badan Penggubal Undang-Undang / Expert Committees And Regulatory Agencies

Key governmental decision and policies are generally determined by recommendations of cancer institutions, designated expert scientific committees and regulatory bodies. Their independence, integrity, expertise and accountability are thus matters of critical concern.

Legislation to ensure full accountability and transparency of all cancer institutions involved in cancer research and related activities is long overdue.

Legislation is also needed to ensure that cancer institutions direct the highest priorities, with minimally half their budgets specifically allocated to research and outreach on primary cancer prevention.

Adakah Semua Benjolan Dalam Payudara Menandakan Kanser? / Are All Lumps In The Breast Cancerous?

Nine out of ten lumps found in the breast are not cancerous. However, all lumps should be treated with suspicion, and you should consult your doctor immediately should you find one.

APPEAL TO ALL WOMEN

• FIGHT BREAST CANCER WITH MONTHLY BSE
• MAKE BSE A PART OF YOUR LIFESTYLE
• IF YOU FEEL A LUMP OR SEE ANY UNUSUAL CHANGES IN YOUR BREASTS, SEE YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY
• REMEMBER! BREAST CANCER IS CURABLE IF DETECTED EARLY AND TREATED PROMPTLY

Bila Mesti Melakukan PSP? / When To Do BSE?

Every month. If you are menstruating, BSE should be performed between the 7th and 10th day after the start of your period.

If your periods are irregular or you no longer menstruate, BSE should be done on a fixed day every month. Pick an easy to remember such as the first or last day of the month.


WARNING SIGNS TO LOOK FOR DURING EXAMINATION

• Lump in the breast or armpit
• Abnormal change in shape or size of the breast
• Abnormal dimpling or puckering of the skin of the breast
• Nipples become pulled in
• Bleeding or unusual discharge from the nipples
  

Apa Yang Boleh Anda Lakukan Untuk Mencegah Kanser Payudara? / What Can You Do To Fight Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer is curable if detected and treated early. Breast cancer is one of the cancer, that is easily detected. Early detection is done through breast examination. All women aged 20 and above must do Breast Self-Examination (BSE) every month throughout their lifetime. For those above 30, they should also get a Breast Examination done by a doctor or other medical personnel yearly. Regular breast examination will allow a woman to discover cancer of the breast at an early stage when treatment is more effective.

Apakah Penyebab Kanser Payudara? / What Causes Breast Cancer?

The exact cause of breast cancer is not known. Any woman aged 20 and above is at risk of getting breast cancer. The following factors may increase a woman's risk of developing breast caner:

• Increasing age
• Family history of breast cancer
• Early onset of menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 50)
• Childless or giving birth to first child after age 30
• Diet high in animal fats
  

Apa Itu Kanser Payudara? / What Is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the number one cause of cancer deaths amongst Malaysian women.

Cancer of the breast is the result of an uncontrolled growth of cells within the breast tissue. If not detected and treated promptly, breast cancer can spread to the lymph glands and to other parts of the body such as the bones, lungs and liver.

Membalikkan Wabak Kanser / Reversing The Cancer Epidemic

3 Hak untuk mengetahui / Right-to-know

The right-to-know is, or should be, an inalienable and fundamental democratic principle with the possible exception of national security concerns.

Claims of confidentiality and trade secrecy by industry are often a serious deterrent to the recognition of potential risks from carcinogenic, and otherwise toxic, products.

There is thus an urgent need to develop legislation to restrict claims of confidentiality to what is unarguably essential to protect independently validated non-health proprietary information, exclusive of any health considerations.

All other information on the identity of carcinogens in products, pharmaceutical drugs or processes, must be automatically and fully released and made fully available to the public.

It must be stressed that labelling is no substitute for a moratorium or ban. Labelling is discriminatory to the uneducated and lower socio-economic population groups.

Right-to-know initiatives must be directed to the totality of human exposures, besides ecological impacts including consumer products - food, cosmetics and toiletries and household products, prescription drugs, and environm

Membalikkan Wabak Kanser / Reversing The Cancer Epidemic

2 Kurangkan penggunaan bahan toksik / Reduce use of toxics

The second line of defence is the phase-out of carcinogens in use in the wide range of petrochemical and other products and process already established in commerce. Strategies based on toxics use reduction - phasing out the manufacture, use and disposal of carcinogenic chemicals, coupled with their replacement by safe alternative technologies - are not only practical but cost-effective as evidenced by the success of the "Toxics Use Reduction Act" passed unanimously by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1989.

The implementation of such strategies, however, requires the establishment of an explicit schedule for the shortest feasible phase-out time, and for monitoring industry compliance. Toxics-use-reduction legislation further exemplifies the Precautionary Principle of risk prevention rather than "risk management".

The active interest of mainstream industry could be further encouraged by granting tax incentives for the urgent development of safe alternatives to conventional toxic-based technologies, and tax penalties for failure to adopt available safe alternative technologies.

Cara Mengawal Teknologi Industri Yang Tidak Dikawal / How To Control Run-Away Industrial Technologies

1 Melarang kelulusan produk baru berkarsinogen dan teknologi baru yang tidak diuji

Langkah pertama menjauhi risiko karsinogenik yang boleh dielak dan pendedahan kepada bahan toksik ialah dengan mencegah sepenuhnya pendedahan berterusan akibat kelulusan yang diberikan untuk produk dan proses baru berkarsinogen. Tegahan seumpamanya adalah berdasarkan Prinsip Berjaga-jaga iaitu mencegah risiko baru dan dasar risiko sifar adalah pentin untuk perlindungan orang ramai dan alam sekitar.

Prinsip itu selanjutnya meringankan beban yang ditanggung oleh orang ramai dan badan penggubal undang-undang untuk membuktikan risiko sebagai maklum balas kepada cabaran industri, dan membenarkan pengharaman produk yang disyaki kerana ketiadaan bukti saintifik mengenai keselamatannya.
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1 Prohibit the authorisation of new carcinogenic products and untested new technologies

The first line of defence against risks from avoidable carcinogenic and otherwise toxicexposures is an absolute prohibition of further increasing the burden of current exposures due to the authorisation of new carcinogenic products and processes. Such a prohibition is based on the obvious Precautionary Principle that preventing new risks and that zero risk policies are essential for public and environmental protection.

This principle further absolves citizens and regulatory agencies from the heavy burden for proving risks in response to industry challenges, and allows the banning of suspect products in circumstances of scientific uncertainty.

Membalikkan Wabak Kanser / Reversing The Cancer Epidemic

Cara mengawal teknologi industri yang tidak dikawal*

Kita nampaknya semakin kalah dalam peperanganmelawan kanser. Beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini menyaksikan kejadian kanser di Eropah, Amerika dan negara-negara perindustrian lain meningkat kepada paras menjadi wabak. Nisbah jangka hayat risiko kanser di sesetengah negara mencecah 1 dalam 2 bagi lelaki dan 1 dalam 3 bagi wanita.

Peningkatan keseluruhan semua jenis kanser di Amerika antara 1950 - 1995 ialah 55%, di mana kanser paru-paru, terutama yang berpunca daripada tabiat merokok, kira-kira 12%.

Dalam tempoh yang sama, kanser yang bukan berpunca daripada merokok adalah seperti berikut: kanser prostat, limfoma bukan Hodgkin dan mieloma multipel, 200%; kanser testis, 110%; kanser otak dan sistem saraf, 80% dan kanser kanak-kanak, 10%.

Sementara itu, kemampuan kita untuk merawat dan "mengubati" kanser dengan beberapa pengecualian bagi kanser yang jarang berlaku seperti pediatrik, kekal tidak berubah di sebalik dakwaan mengelirukan dan berlebihan yang bertentangan keadaan sebenar.

Apakah punca utama wabak kanser dalam zaman moden ini? Jawapannya terletak kepada bukti saintifik yang membabitkan peranan teknologi industri yang tidak dikawal. Ini terutama membabitkan bahan petrokimia, di mana kemajuan pesatnya sejak tahun 1940an (tahap pencapaian berbeza antara negara) telah jauh melebihi perkembangan jentera kawalannya.

Akibatnya, keseluruhan persekitaran, udara, sumber air, produk pengguna - makanan, kosmetik dan bahan dandanan diri serta produk kegunaan di rumah termasuk racun makhluk perosak - dan keadaan di tempat kerja, telah dicemari dengan pelbagai karsinogen industri yang sukar disingkirkan. Ini menyebabkan masyarakat amnya terus terdedah kepada karsinogen yang tidak dapat dielak, daripada kehamilan kepada maut.
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How to control run-away industrial technologies*

We are losing the winnable war against cancer. Over recent decades, the incidence of cancer in Europe, the US and other industrialised nations has escalated to epidemic proportions, with lifetime cancer risks in some nations reaching 1 in 2 for men and 1 in 3 for women.

The overall increase of all cancers in the US from 1950- 1995 was 55%, of which lung cancer, primarily attributed to smoking, accounted for about 12%.

Over the same period, non smoking cancers increased as follows: prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 200%; testis cancer, 110%; brain and nervous system cancer, 80%; and childhood cancer, 10%.

Meanwhile, our ability to treat and "cure" most cancers with the notable exception of some relatively rare caners such as paediatric, has remained virtually unchanged in spite of periodic misleading and exaggerated claims to the contrary.

What is the predominant cause of the modern cancer epidemic? The answer is based on a strong body of scientific evidence incriminating the role of run-away industrial technologies, particularly the petrochemical, whose exponential growth since the 1940s has, to varying degrees in different nations, outstripped the development of the means to control them.

Resultingly, our total environment, air, water, consumer products - foods, cosmetics and toiletries, and household products including pesticides - and the workplace, has become pervasively contaminated with a wide range of often persistent industrial carcinogens. As a consequence, the public-at-large has been and continues to be unknowingly exposed to avoidable carcinogens from conception to death.

Kaedah Memasak Yang Selamat / Safer Cooking Methods

Jika anda masih ingin memakan daging, cubalah memasaknya dengan kaedah yang kurang berisiko. Menurut NCI:

• Memanggang atau membakar dalam ketuhar adalah lebih selamat daripada menggoreng atau membarbeku kerana menggunakan suhu yang rendah.
  
• Memasak dalam ketuhar gelombang mikro, merebus, merenih dan mencarak pada suhu 212 F atau lebih endah dianggap agak selamat juga. Jika boleh elakkan memasak sup daripada lemak daging beku.

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If you must eat meat, the NCI advises that you adopt less risky cooking methods.

According to the NCI:

• Oven roasting and baking are relatively safer than frying or barbecuing as they are done at lower temperatures.
  
• Stewing, boiling or poaching are done at or below 212 F, which is also quite safe.

If possible, avoid making gravy from meat drippings.

Elakkan Daging / Avoid Meat

Kita sentiasa dinasihatkan supaya memasak daging dengan sempurna untuk membunuh bakteria yang menyebabkan keracunan makanan. Tetapi kajian terbaru menunjukkan memasak daging dengan sempurna sekalipun boleh menyebabkan kanser.

Selain itu, memakan daging juga boleh meninggikan kos perubatan seperti yang berlaku di Amerika Syarikat.

Menurut satu laporan dari sekumpulan doktor pada tahun 1995 dalam Preventive Medicine, rakyat Amerika membelanjakan antara US$28.6 bilion (sekarang kira-kira RM109 bilion) dan US$61.4 bilion (sekarang kira-kira RM233 bilion) setahun untuk membiayai rawatan perubatan bagi hipertensi, penyakit jantung, kanser dan kesakitan lain yang dikaitkan dengan pengambilan daging. (Laporan itu juga berkata, memakan daging tidak ubah seperti menghisap rokok dan ancaman kesihatan yang didedahkannya hampir sama jika anda memakannya secara berterusan sepanjang hayat".)

Berdasarkan semua bukti di atas, sebahagian daripada anda mungkin tidak lagi ingin memakan daging. Anda masih boleh mendapatkan sumber protein daripada sumber makanan lain seperti kacang dan produk berkacang, taufu, tempeh, kekacang, bijirin dan bijian.

Satu perkara lagi, kajian demi kajian mengesahkan golongan pemakan sayur lebih sihat daripada pemakan daging. Jadi kenapa anda tidak memulakannya sekarang?
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Traditional wisdom decrees that one should always cook meat throughly to kill any food poisoning bacteria that may be present. But this recent study has indicated that cooking meat thoroughly can lead to cancer.

Eating meat is thus a case of between the devil and the deep blue sea! Not only that, meat consumption can also result in high medical bills, as was the case in the US.

According to a 1995 report in Preventive Medicine by a doctors group, Americans spends between US$28.6 bil (now worth about RM109 bil) and US$61.4 bil (now worth about RM233 bil) a year in medical costs for treatment of hypertension, heart disease, cancer and other illness attributed to meat consumption. (The report also says that eating meat is comparable to smoking tobacco and the health threat is "of a similar magnitude when you keep it up over a lifetime".)

With all these evidence, some of you might want to avoid meat completely. If so, take heart. You can still get protein from other food sources like beans and bean products. tofu, tempeh, lentils, seeds and nuts.

And here's another consolation: Study after study have confirmed that vegetarians are healthier than meat-eaters. So, why not start today?

Leaching And Toxicity Of PVC Plasticisers

PVC(polyvinyl chloride or vinylz0 is widely used in toys and other children's products.
For soft applications such as toys designed for chewing (ie teethers), softeners or plasticisers are added to give the desired softness and flexibility. Without these additives, PVC is brittle, degrades easily and is not versatile.
Although a range of chemicals are used as softeners, phthalate esters (phthalates) are by far the most commonly used.
Phthalates do not bind to the PVC polymer but float around like water in a sponge. They remain present as a freely mobile and leachable phase in the plastic.
As a result, phthalates are continuously lost from soft PVC over time. This has long been recognised by the PVC industry itself. In fact, it has been known for 30 years that phthalates leach from soft PVC.
Pressure on a PVC product will increase leaching substantially. Of most concern is the leaching of plasticisers resulting from sucking or chewing on soft PVC toys, representing a direct bodily dose of these chemical to the infant or child.
Phthalates are moderately persistent and can bioaccumulate in fat tissue. Some may be broken down in the body, although degradation and excretion rates may differ between adults and children.
In addition, phthalates absorb atrongly to soil, and biodegrade slowly, creating the potential for constant human exposure.
Phthalates can exert additive effects when present as a mixture or in combination with other common environmental contaminants. Many of the phthalates are actually isomers of compounds of a similar carbon chain length. As a result, a single phthalate formulation may be contaminated with several different types of phthalates.
Laboratory research on the health effects of the phthalates has identified wide-ranging cronic effect. These include:

• liver and kidney lesions
• reproductive abnormalities, including testicular atrophy, altered development of reproductive tissue and subtle effects on sperm production
• cell line transformations
• cancers, including those of the liver, kidney and mononuclear cell leukemia.
  

Risiko Memasak Pada Suhu Tinggi/Risky High-Temperature Cooking

Empat faktor mempengaruhi pembentukan HCA : jenis makanan, kaedah memasak, suhu dan masa. Daripada keempat-empat faktor itu, suhu menjadi faktor terpenting. Menggoreng, memanggang dan membarbeku makanan menghasilkan paling banyak HCAs memandangkan daging dimasak pada suhu yang amat tinggi. Daging merah yang dimasak di atas api pada suhu yang tinggi secara tiba-tiba akan menjadikan ianya bersifat karsinogenik. Contoh yang paling sesuai ialah satay. Namun begitu tahukah anda bahawa ada bahan yang boleh dimakan bersama untuk meneutralkan karsinogen dari proses ini iaitu timun. Secara tradisinya, timun memang dimakan bersama-sama satay. Bagaimana masyarakat terdahulu boleh mengetahui fakta tersebut yang baru diketahui akhir - akhir ini. Pelik bukan?

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Four factors influence HCA formation : type of food, cooking method, temperature and time. Of the 4, temperature is the most important factor. According to the NCI, frying, broiling and barbecuing produce the largest amounts of HCAs because the meats are cooked at very high temperatures.

"Well Done" Meat Linked To Stomach Cancer

In another NCI study which assessed the diets and cooking habits of 176 people diagnosed with stomach cancer and 503 people without cancer, it was found that people who :

• ate their beef "medium well" or "well done" had more than 3 times the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate their beef "rare" or "medium rare".

• ate beef 4 or more times a week had more than twice the risk of stomach cancer those who ate beef less frequently.

Hamburgers And Lymph Node Cancer

A study of 35,000 older women shows that those with diets high meat and animal fat , especially hamburger, have double the risk for lymph node cancer - also known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Research believe that it may be related to the way the hamburgers are cooked.